Foreign Interest
Every country with interests before Congress spends money to advance them. The question is not whether — it is how.
Two channels carry foreign-interest money toward Congress: organized PAC giving on one side, and FARA-registered institutional lobbying on the other. They look nothing alike.
Channel one — direct
The PAC channel
PAC contributions, independent expenditures, and donor networks organized around a foreign policy position. This channel is dominated by Israel-policy PACs.
$61M
across 16 canonical PACs · touching 443 of 532 sitting members
No other country operates at this scale through PACs. The money flows directly to individual members — their campaigns, their races, their elections. Both channels contribute to a member’s Foreign Interest score. Direct PAC money carries full weight. FARA lobbying is allocated to members by committee jurisdiction at a reduced weight — reflecting that institutional lobbying targets committees, not individuals.
Channel two — institutional
The FARA channel
FARA-registered lobbying firms represent foreign governments and entities. They file LDA disclosures targeting congressional committees and agencies — not individual members. However, when a FARA-registered firm lobbies on trade policy, members on the Finance and Ways & Means committees absorb that exposure in their score — allocated by jurisdiction, at a fraction of what direct PAC money carries.
This is how most countries influence American policy. Japan, Canada, China, Korea, and Saudi Arabia all spend tens of millions through this channel. The money targets institutions, not people. A lobbying firm retained by Japan’s trade ministry files disclosure on trade policy — it does not write checks to candidates.
The contrast is the finding.
Israel-policy money flows through PACs aimed at members. Every other country’s money flows through firms aimed at institutions. Both channels are legal. Both are disclosed. But they produce fundamentally different relationships between the money and the member.
When a PAC writes a $5,000 check to a candidate and then spends $2 million on independent expenditures in their race, that member knows who funded their election. When a FARA-registered firm spends $5 million lobbying the Senate Finance Committee on trade policy, no individual senator received a dollar.
Israel is not the largest foreign spender. Japan outspends Israel in FARA lobbying by a factor of 80 ($21M vs $0.27M). But Israel is the only country whose spending reaches members directly, at scale, through the electoral system. That distinction matters — and it is what this page measures.
— Pro-Israel PAC donors —
Pro-Israel PAC donors
Individuals whose disclosed FEC contributions went to pro-Israel political action committees. Inclusion reflects where a contribution was directed in public FEC filings — not any conclusion about the individual's views.
Israel-policy PACs are the largest organized foreign-policy donor network in American elections.
This page measures disclosed FEC filings — PAC contributions, independent expenditures, and the donor networks that connect them to members of Congress. The 16 PACs in this catalog span the political spectrum on Israel policy, from AIPAC to J Street. They are unified by subject, not by position.
We measure every donor network in the Index the same way. What distinguishes this one is scale. In the current cycle, Israel-policy PACs directed $61 million to 443 of 532 sitting members. No other foreign-policy donor network operates at this level through direct candidate funding.
This is not a statement about Israel, about Jewish Americans, or about the merits of any policy position. It is a count of dollars filed with the Federal Election Commission. The money is legal. The money is disclosed. And the money is larger than any comparable operation by a factor of ten.
$227.96M
Total to pro-Israel PACs
22,955
Distinct contributors
22,955
Total in queue
| # | Contributor | Employer | City | State | PACs | Gifts | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2201 | TRACY GERBER | HUDSON BAY CAPITAL | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $14K |
| 2202 | JONATHAN KAUFMAN | — | Berkeley | CA | 1 | 48 | $14K |
| 2203 | JOSEPH H STADLEN | STADLEN FAMILY | Hollywood | FL | 1 | 7 | $14K |
| 2204 | STEVEN LOTWIN | CAPITAL | Hidden Hills | CA | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2205 | GERALD BODZY | — | Houston | TX | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2206 | GAVRIEL KAHANE | ARKHOUSE | New York | NY | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2207 | LEON SKORNICKI | VISA | New York | NY | 1 | 11 | $14K |
| 2208 | ALAN EISENMAN | — | Bellaire | TX | 1 | 10 | $14K |
| 2209 | DANIELLE TAGGER | — | Rye | NY | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2210 | ARTHUR SINENSKY | — | Fort Lee | NJ | 1 | 16 | $14K |
| 2211 | STEVEN CALLER | — | Lexington | KY | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2212 | MIRIAM GAUSS | — | San Francisco | CA | 1 | 13 | $14K |
| 2213 | SUSAN BENDER | — | Houston | TX | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2214 | CARY SHERMAN | — | Washington | DC | 1 | 19 | $14K |
| 2215 | ANDREW SCHWARTZ | KBT | Merrick | NY | 1 | 7 | $14K |
| 2216 | NOGA VILLALON | — | Boca Raton | FL | 1 | 20 | $14K |
| 2217 | JEFFREY MARON | 7RIDGE | Stamford | CT | 1 | 9 | $14K |
| 2218 | KENNETH WERNER | — | Encino | CA | 1 | 17 | $14K |
| 2219 | GIDEON NAIM | — | Penn Valley | PA | 1 | 27 | $14K |
| 2220 | JEFFREY CRAIG | CRAIG IS | Jacksonville | FL | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2221 | STEVEN ROSENBLUM | — | Denver | CO | 1 | 11 | $14K |
| 2222 | PHILIP H COHEN | — | Miami Beach | FL | 2 | 33 | $14K |
| 2223 | GRAEME GABRIEL | COLRICH | San Diego | CA | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2224 | JEFFREY GUT | IDEAL FASTENER | Surfside | FL | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2225 | OMRI DAHAN | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 7 | $14K |
| 2226 | MILTON COOPER | KIMCO | Old Westbury | NY | 1 | 5 | $14K |
| 2227 | PHILIP WAGMAN | CLIFFORD CHANCE | New York | NY | 1 | 3 | $14K |
| 2228 | ILANA HOROWITZ RATNER | INTEGRATED VISIONS | Shaker Heights | OH | 1 | 11 | $14K |
| 2229 | ROBIN TEBBE | — | Chicago | IL | 1 | 2 | $14K |
| 2230 | LAIRD KIRKPATRICK | GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY | Washington | DC | 1 | 47 | $14K |
| 2231 | JASON FRIEDLAND | SENSIBLE AUTO SERVICING | Mamaroneck | NY | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2232 | EDWARD KOPF | — | Chevy Chase | MD | 1 | 24 | $14K |
| 2233 | DANIEL ROSEN | ROSEN | New York | NY | 1 | 6 | $14K |
| 2234 | RICHARD SHERMAN | — | Calabasas | CA | 1 | 11 | $14K |
| 2235 | MARK DANIEL MANBER | UNITED AIRLINES | Kingwood | TX | 1 | 15 | $14K |
| 2236 | GARY TENZER | GEORGE SMITH | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 20 | $14K |
| 2237 | MICHAEL ROSNER | RAYMOND JAMES | West Bloomfield | MI | 1 | 10 | $14K |
| 2238 | ALBERT PRAW | KBHOME | Sherman Oaks | CA | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2239 | TOM FELLMAN | BROADMOOR | Omaha | NE | 1 | 7 | $14K |
| 2240 | ANTHONY LAMPERT | — | Palm Beach Gardens | FL | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2241 | JACK MILLER | — | Buffalo Grove | IL | 1 | 3 | $14K |
| 2242 | JEFF HARRIS | GIBSONS STEAKHOUSE | Chicago | IL | 1 | 4 | $14K |
| 2243 | ERIC WILENSKY | NELSON MULLINS | Atlanta | GA | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2244 | MAX REICHENTHAL | TEXAS IRON AND METAL | Houston | TX | 1 | 7 | $14K |
| 2245 | ALEX KAPLAN | SIDLEY AUSTIN LLP | Scarsdale | NY | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2246 | GILAT ENGLANOFF | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 9 | $14K |
| 2247 | MICHAEL BERNSTEIN | — | Weston | MA | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2248 | NICOLE GOLDBERG | — | Boca Raton | FL | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2249 | FLORENCE HON SHAPIRO | — | Plano | TX | 1 | 3 | $14K |
| 2250 | DAVID HANDLEMAN | — | Bloomfield Hills | MI | 1 | 16 | $14K |
| 2251 | NEIL WALLACK | 1901 | Weston | MA | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2252 | TIVADAR MARCOVICI | — | Lido Beach | NY | 1 | 12 | $14K |
| 2253 | MICHELLE SHALLER | — | Sunfish Lake | MN | 1 | 4 | $14K |
| 2254 | LOREN FRIEND | INTERIOR DESIGN | Chicago | IL | 1 | 4 | $14K |
| 2255 | STEVEN ROSENBAUM | COVINGTON BURLING LLP | Potomac | MD | 1 | 3 | $14K |
| 2256 | BARRY SWIDLER | AMERICAN FIRE RESTORATION | Boca Raton | FL | 1 | 15 | $14K |
| 2257 | ELIOT LAUER | KATTEN | Lawrence | NY | 1 | 8 | $14K |
| 2258 | LARRY ROTHENBERG | ROCKEFELLER CAPITAL | Livingston | NJ | 1 | 4 | $14K |
| 2259 | RICHARD DAVIS | RNDC | Atlanta | GA | 1 | 7 | $14K |
| 2260 | DAVID BLUMENTHAL | LION BRAND | New York | NY | 2 | 2 | $14K |
| 2261 | DONALD MUNOZ | NUCANA | Weston | MA | 1 | 6 | $13K |
| 2262 | ALISA ALTMAN | — | Saint James | NY | 1 | 5 | $13K |
| 2263 | DAVID BRODSKY | BRODSKY ARBITRATION | Wainscott | NY | 1 | 42 | $13K |
| 2264 | DEREK SMITH | — | New York | NY | 1 | 7 | $13K |
| 2265 | ROBERT KARGMAN | BOSTON LAND | Palm Beach | FL | 1 | 7 | $13K |
| 2266 | DANIEL COHAN | — | Wilmette | IL | 1 | 14 | $13K |
| 2267 | THOMAS FLEISCH | CROMWELL | Mamaroneck | NY | 1 | 4 | $13K |
| 2268 | LIZ WATERS | — | Santa Monica | CA | 1 | 5 | $13K |
| 2269 | BENJY BERGER | BERGER ORG | New Rochelle | NY | 1 | 7 | $13K |
| 2270 | RICHARD CALMAS | BYM | Brookline | MA | 1 | 8 | $13K |
| 2271 | TODD KANTOR | ENCOMPASS CAPITAL | Rye | NY | 1 | 3 | $13K |
| 2272 | LISA COLL | — | Auburndale | MA | 1 | 14 | $13K |
| 2273 | JAMES BRANDT | LATHAM WATKINS | Scarsdale | NY | 2 | 2 | $13K |
| 2274 | ALYSE VISHNICK | ARTISAN | New York | NY | 1 | 7 | $13K |
| 2275 | MELISSA GRUND SARNOFF | GRUND LEAVITT | Glencoe | IL | 1 | 8 | $13K |
| 2276 | CELESTE GRYNBERG | — | Denver | CO | 1 | 3 | $13K |
| 2277 | RITA NISSAN | — | New York | NY | 1 | 9 | $13K |
| 2278 | RICHARD GENIRBERG | — | Stateline | NV | 2 | 2 | $13K |
| 2279 | RICHARD SCHEINER | — | New York | NY | 1 | 10 | $13K |
| 2280 | LARRY GERBER | — | Wilmette | IL | 1 | 22 | $13K |
| 2281 | JOANNE SNOW | ADVANCED EYE MDS PC | Lawrenceville | NJ | 1 | 10 | $13K |
| 2282 | DAVID STEIN | — | Stamford | CT | 1 | 12 | $13K |
| 2283 | MICHAEL HACKMAN | HACKMAN CAPITAL | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 4 | $13K |
| 2284 | STEVEN FINKELMAN | SCOPE IMPORTS | Houston | TX | 1 | 18 | $13K |
| 2285 | SELAINE NIEDEL | — | Chapel Hill | NC | 1 | 4 | $13K |
| 2286 | JENNIFER ZIMMER | — | Saddle River | NJ | 1 | 2 | $13K |
| 2287 | LARRY MIZEL | MDC | Denver | CO | 1 | 4 | $13K |
| 2288 | JOSEPH SHERMAN | RELIANT | Aspen | CO | 1 | 4 | $13K |
| 2289 | MENACHEM ALBERT GAHFI | — | Bal Harbour | FL | 1 | 2 | $13K |
| 2290 | ARLENE HOROWITZ | TASTY BRANDS | Glen Head | NY | 1 | 4 | $13K |
| 2291 | SCOTT SCHUSTER | WIINGATE LIVING | Palm Beach | FL | 1 | 4 | $13K |
| 2292 | ANDREW TAITZ | GVW | Miami | FL | 1 | 2 | $13K |
| 2293 | JUDAH GROSSMAN | CEDAR ASSET MANAGEMENT | Lakewood | NJ | 1 | 2 | $13K |
| 2294 | PHILIP DETOLEDO | — | Sherman Oaks | CA | 1 | 2 | $13K |
| 2295 | DORIT ADIR HARONI | STAR FABRICS | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 10 | $13K |
| 2296 | BRIAN SCHALL | SCHALL LAW | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 2 | $13K |
| 2297 | ANNA MASSION | — | Greenwich | CT | 1 | 8 | $13K |
| 2298 | MELISSA DEUTSCH | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 14 | $13K |
| 2299 | STEPHEN MENDELL | — | Jupiter | FL | 1 | 9 | $13K |
| 2300 | ROBERT BOOK | — | Dallas | TX | 1 | 8 | $13K |
— Contributions to pro-Israel-aligned super PACs —
Contributions to pro-Israel-aligned super PACs
Individuals whose disclosed FEC contributions went to super PACs that organize around Israel policy, including the RJC Victory Fund, DMFI PAC, and J Street Action Fund. Inclusion reflects where a contribution was directed in public FEC filings — not any conclusion about the individual's views.
$18.26M
Total to aligned super PACs
277
Distinct contributors
277
Total in queue
| # | Contributor | Employer | City | State | PACs | Gifts | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MIRIAM ADELSON | ADELSON DRUG CLINIC | Las Vegas | NV | 1 | 1 | $5.00M |
| 2 | DEBORAH SIMON | — | Carmel | IN | 1 | 2 | $3.00M |
| 3 | JAN KOUM | — | Santa Clara | CA | 1 | 1 | $2.43M |
| 4 | HERB SHEAR | — | Palm Beach | FL | 1 | 8 | $965K |
| 5 | SAUL FOX | FOX PAINE | Miami Beach | FL | 1 | 1 | $500K |
| 6 | GARY MARK LAUDER | LAUDER | Atherton | CA | 1 | 2 | $500K |
| 7 | ERIC MINDICH | — | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $350K |
| 8 | MARTHA KARSH | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $250K |
| 9 | ROBERT BOOK | BOOK CAPITAL | Coral Gables | FL | 1 | 1 | $250K |
| 10 | JACOB CAPPELL | SIMONS | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $250K |
| 11 | LARRY MIZEL | M D C | Denver | CO | 1 | 1 | $200K |
| 12 | ANN PAVA | — | West Hartford | CT | 1 | 5 | $176K |
| 13 | JOSH ASTROF | DARSANA CAPITAL | New York | NY | 1 | 4 | $155K |
| 14 | ADELE SANDBERG | — | North Miami Beach | FL | 1 | 2 | $125K |
| 15 | JOEL SANDBERG | EYE SURGERY ASSOCIATES | North Miami Beach | FL | 1 | 2 | $125K |
| 16 | JEFFREY H ARONSON | CENTERBRIDGE | New York | NY | 1 | 3 | $125K |
| 17 | BENJAMIN SAMUELS | VICTORY PACKAGING | Bellaire | TX | 1 | 2 | $105K |
| 18 | BRADLEY BLOOM | BERKSHIRE | Wellesley | MA | 1 | 2 | $100K |
| 19 | JONATHAN TISCH | LOEWS HOTELS | New York | NY | 1 | 3 | $100K |
| 20 | BARBARA FEINGOLD | — | Delray Beach | FL | 1 | 3 | $100K |
| 21 | STEWART A RESNICK | THE WONDERFUL | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $100K |
| 22 | DAVID S BLITZER | BLACKSTONE | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $100K |
| 23 | NANCY GOROFF | — | Stony Brook | NY | 1 | 1 | $100K |
| 24 | PAUL FINNEGAN | MADISON DEARBORN | Chicago | IL | 1 | 1 | $100K |
| 25 | DAVID RANDOLPH PEELER | BERKSHIRE | Boston | MA | 1 | 1 | $100K |
| 26 | MARC ROWAN | APOLLO GLOBAL MANAGEMENT | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $100K |
| 27 | JEFFREY ULLMAN | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | Stanford | CA | 1 | 4 | $72K |
| 28 | ALLAN POLUNSKY | POLUNSKY BEITEL GREEN LLP | San Antonio | TX | 1 | 3 | $65K |
| 29 | ARTHUR RABIN | CENTRIC BRANDS | New York | NY | 1 | 3 | $60K |
| 30 | JOAN RECHNITZ | — | Red Bank | NJ | 1 | 2 | $60K |
| 31 | JULIE PLATT | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 3 | $50K |
| 32 | LIZZIE TISCH | X LIZZIE TISCH | Manhattan | NY | 1 | 2 | $50K |
| 33 | AMY STAVIS | — | Larchmont | NY | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 34 | ROBERT STAVIS | BESSEMER VENTURE | Larchmont | NY | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 35 | BARRY PORTER | CLARITY | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 2 | $50K |
| 36 | ANDREW WEISS | WEISS ASSET MANAGEMENT | Boston | MA | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 37 | JOSHUA RESNICK | JERICHO CAPITAL | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 38 | CHARLES KUSHNER | KUSHNER COMPANIES | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 39 | JULIAN MOHR | MOMAR | Atlanta | GA | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 40 | ELIZABETH TISCH | X LIZZIE TISCH | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 41 | PHILIP DE TOLEDO | — | Sherman Oaks | CA | 1 | 2 | $50K |
| 42 | DAVID ROSEN | RUBRIC CAPITAL MANAGEMENT | Scarsdale | NY | 1 | 2 | $50K |
| 43 | ROBERT GRANIERI | JANE STREET CAPITAL | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 44 | BARRY PORTER | CLARITY MANAGEMENT | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 3 | $50K |
| 45 | ROBERT DIENER | DIENER | Indian Creek Village | FL | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 46 | ROBERT P GOODMAN | BESSEMER VENTURE | Rye | NY | 1 | 1 | $50K |
| 47 | ALEX KLEYNER | NATIONAL DEBT RELIEF | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $45K |
| 48 | SANDER GERBER | HUDSON BAY CAPITAL | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $36K |
| 49 | SARA GOTTESMAN | THE ELEEMOSYNARY | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $35K |
| 50 | HAROLD BERENSON | — | Parker | CO | 1 | 2 | $30K |
| 51 | JULIE CANDAU | MARBLE BRIDGE FUNDING | Walnut Creek | CA | 1 | 2 | $30K |
| 52 | MILTON COOPER | KIMCO REALTY | Old Westbury | NY | 1 | 2 | $30K |
| 53 | ELIOT LAUER | KATTEN | Lawrence | NY | 1 | 2 | $30K |
| 54 | TODD COOPER | RIPCO REAL ESTATE | Oyster Bay | NY | 1 | 2 | $30K |
| 55 | RONALD BLOOM | CROWN ASSOCIATES REALTY | Beverly Hills | CA | 1 | 2 | $28K |
| 56 | ANN LEWIS | — | Chevy Chase | MD | 1 | 5 | $28K |
| 57 | JAMES BLUME | BLUME CAPITAL MANAGEMENT | Berkeley | CA | 1 | 2 | $26K |
| 58 | SAMUEL WEISMAN | — | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 59 | LARRY LEVINE | LEVCOR | Houston | TX | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 60 | BRIAN DROR | — | Oxnard | CA | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 61 | RANDI CUTLER | — | Boston | MA | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 62 | DANA NIEDZIELSKA | EVEREST CLINICAL RESEARCH | Lenox | MA | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 63 | RUSSELL GOLDSMITH | — | Beverly Hills | CA | 1 | 2 | $25K |
| 64 | RICHARD KURTZ | KAMSON | Englewood Cliffs | NJ | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 65 | MICHAEL BOGACHEK | VATIVORX | Bal Harbour | FL | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 66 | KAREN GOLDSMITH | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 2 | $25K |
| 67 | ADAM ROSS | GOLDCREST CAPITAL | Dallas | TX | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 68 | NORMAN W ALPERT | VESTAR CAPITAL | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 69 | DAN JACOB IROM | DARSANA CAPITAL | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $25K |
| 70 | LAWRENCE D GREENBERG | ALYDAR CAPITAL | Weston | MA | 1 | 2 | $25K |
| 71 | LAWRENCE D GREENBERG | ALYDAR CAPITAL | Weston | MA | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 72 | ARN TELLEM | DETROIT PISTONS BASKETBALL CLUB | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 73 | RONALD WEISER | MCKINLEY ASSOCIATES | Ann Arbor | MI | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 74 | ISAAC APPLBUAM | VENTURE CAPITAL | Oakland | CA | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 75 | BRUCE PEARL | UNIVERSITY OF AUBURN | Auburn | AL | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 76 | MATTHEW BOTEIN | GALLATIN POINT CAPITAL | Brookline | MA | 1 | 1 | $25K |
| 77 | DANIEL KESTON | PANTRY FILMS | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 2 | $20K |
| 78 | IRIT TRATT | HOMEMAKER | Scarsdale | NY | 1 | 2 | $20K |
| 79 | JULIE CANDAU | MARBLE BRIDGE FUNDING | Walnut Creek | CA | 1 | 2 | $20K |
| 80 | IRVIN SHAPELL | — | Anna Maria | FL | 1 | 2 | $20K |
| 81 | DAVID HAGER | HAGER PACIFIC | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $18K |
| 82 | ROBERT SCHOSTAK | SCHOSTAK BROTHERS | Livonia | MI | 1 | 2 | $18K |
| 83 | JOSHUA KATZEN | — | Newton | MA | 1 | 2 | $18K |
| 84 | LIZANNE ROSENSTEIN | THREE ROSE III | Manhattan | NY | 1 | 1 | $15K |
| 85 | PETER FREY | — | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $15K |
| 86 | JUDITH TAYLOR | — | Bala Cynwyd | PA | 1 | 2 | $15K |
| 87 | ALAN VITERBI | LIQUID ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS | La Jolla | CA | 1 | 2 | $15K |
| 88 | MARK GERSTEIN | LATHAM WATKINS | Highland Park | IL | 1 | 1 | $15K |
| 89 | SCOTT M SPERLING | THOMAS H LEE | Wayland | MA | 1 | 1 | $15K |
| 90 | NED KAPLIN | BRIARA TRADING | Conshohocken | PA | 1 | 3 | $15K |
| 91 | MARK SCHOSTAK | SCHOSTAK BROTHERS | Livonia | MI | 1 | 1 | $12K |
| 92 | LIRON GITIG | — | White Plains | NY | 1 | 2 | $11K |
| 93 | SARA GOTTESMAN | THE ELEEMOSYNARY | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 94 | HANS VANDEBOVENKAMP | — | Sagaponack | NY | 1 | 3 | $10K |
| 95 | NANCY REICHMAN | — | Denver | CO | 1 | 2 | $10K |
| 96 | LISA PRIMUS | — | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 97 | JOEL KOBLENTZ | — | Boca Raton | FL | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 98 | ALAN COHEN | — | Denver | CO | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 99 | MELODEE KORNACKER | — | Columbus | OH | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 100 | CAROL WINOGRAD | — | Stanford | CA | 1 | 2 | $10K |
| 101 | ANDREW SMALL | KIRKLAND ELLIS LLP | Highland Park | IL | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 102 | JENNIFER MICHAELS | — | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $10K |
| 103 | TODD COOPER | RIPCO REAL ESTATE | Oyster Bay | NY | 1 | 2 | $10K |
| 104 | DEBORAH F ROBBINS | — | Princeton | NJ | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 105 | MILTON COOPER | — | Old Westbury | NY | 1 | 2 | $10K |
| 106 | BRAD ROSE | — | Miami | FL | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 107 | LIOR PROSOR | HANACO VENTURES | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $10K |
| 108 | JOSEPH RAFALOWICZ | — | New Rochelle | NY | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 109 | LIZANNE ROSENSTEIN | — | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 110 | LINDA KESTON | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 2 | $10K |
| 111 | PHILIP KAISER | LAFFA | Tulsa | OK | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 112 | HOWARD GOTTLIEB | — | Chicago | IL | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 113 | SHELDON KAMINS | — | St. Petersburg | FL | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 114 | EDWARD SATELL | PROGRESSIVE PUBLICATIONS | King Prussia | PA | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 115 | LYOR COHEN | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $10K | |
| 116 | DAVID GRAYZEL | ATLAS VENTURE | Winchester | MA | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 117 | MICHAEL KEMPNER | MWW STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 118 | ARN TELLEM | DETROIT PISTONS | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 119 | HERBERT LEVINE | LEVCOR | Houston | TX | 1 | 1 | $10K |
| 120 | KAREN TANDY | — | Annandale | VA | 1 | 2 | $8K |
| 121 | DEBORAH SHAPIRA | SCHECHTER MANHATTAN SCHOOL | Bronx | NY | 1 | 3 | $8K |
| 122 | CHARLES KREMER | ACCESS LEASING | Berkeley | CA | 1 | 2 | $8K |
| 123 | BARRY FUNT | — | Morristown | NJ | 1 | 3 | $8K |
| 124 | SHELDON CHANALES | HERRICK FEINSTEIN LLP | Teaneck | NJ | 1 | 22 | $6K |
| 125 | ALEX SAGAN | — | Cambridge | MA | 1 | 3 | $6K |
| 126 | HANNAH ROTHSTEIN | — | New York | NY | 1 | 3 | $6K |
| 127 | ARIEL RECANATI | MARITIME OVERSEAS | Sag Harbor | NY | 1 | 2 | $6K |
| 128 | JON GREENWALD | — | Mc Lean | VA | 1 | 2 | $6K |
| 129 | STEVEN MANKOFF | — | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $6K |
| 130 | FLORENCE HON SHAPIRO | SHAPIROLINN STRATEGIC CONSULT | Plano | TX | 1 | 2 | $6K |
| 131 | CHARLES JACOBS | — | Chevy Chase | MD | 1 | 2 | $6K |
| 132 | DEBORAH ROTH | — | Tampa | FL | 1 | 2 | $6K |
| 133 | DEBORAH ROTH | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA | Tampa | FL | 1 | 2 | $6K |
| 134 | BRUCE H SCHNEIDER | STROOCK STROOCK LAVAN LLP | Scarsdale | NY | 1 | 21 | $5K |
| 135 | JOSEPH PERELES | DRURY HOTELS | Saint Louis | MO | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 136 | FRAN ROSENFELD | — | Delray Beach | FL | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 137 | ROBIN SHAPIRO | — | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 138 | RICHARD SHERMAN | — | Calabasas | CA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 139 | JOSHUA SCHWARTZ | EAST WIND ADVISORS | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 140 | NICOLETTE BECK | ELLA FINANCIAL ADVISING | San Francisco | CA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 141 | NORMAN FREIDKIN | — | Potomac | MD | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 142 | VICKI COOPER | — | Oyster Bay | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 143 | TODD RICHMAN | MORGAN STANLEY PRIVATE WEALTH MANAGEME | Old Westbury | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 144 | JOHANNA CHANIN | — | Bethesda | MD | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 145 | DIANA CLARK | — | Wellfleet | MA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 146 | PETER FORMAN | — | Sands Point | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 147 | MILTON COOPER | KIMCO | Old Westbury | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 148 | GERALD BARAD | — | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 149 | BRUCE D PERGAMENT | PERGAMENT REALTY MANAGEMENT | Old Westbury | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 150 | PHYLLIS HEIDEMAN | HEIDEMAN NUDELMAN KALIK PC | Boca Raton | FL | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 151 | MATT BROOKS | REPUBLICAN JEWISH COALITION | Washington | DC | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 152 | JONATHAN FREEMAN | — | San Diego | CA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 153 | ROBERT LEWENSON | EYE DOCTORS OPTICAL OUTLETS | Tampa | FL | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 154 | VICTOR KOHN | CAPITAL COMPANIES | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 155 | JOEL MANDEL | THE MANAGEMENT | Beverly Hills | CA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 156 | CRAIG WEISS | TOWER VENTURES | Memphis | TN | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 157 | ANNA JENEFSKY | — | Bethesda | MD | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 158 | NORMAN COLEMAN | HOGAN LOVELLS US LLP | Arlington | VA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 159 | CHERYL HALPERN | VISION OF PEACE INITIATIVE | Livingston | NJ | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 160 | GARY BERMAN | BERMAN | Rockville | MD | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 161 | TODD RICHMAN | MORGAN STANLEY | Old Westbury | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 162 | ERIC SEDLER | AVOQ | Chicago | IL | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 163 | STEVEN SCHREIBER | — | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 164 | JOSEPH KANFER | WALNUT RIDGE | Beachwood | OH | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 165 | LAWRENCE D GREENBERG | ALYDAR CAPITAL | Weston | MA | 1 | 1 | $5K |
| 166 | PHILLIP ROSENBERG | KILPATRICK TOWNSEND STOCKTON LLP | Brooklyn | NY | 1 | 32 | $5K |
| 167 | PAULA WOLK | — | Waban | MA | 1 | 1 | $4K |
| 168 | STUART GOLDMAN | — | Silver Spring | MD | 1 | 5 | $4K |
| 169 | JOEL YOUNGER | — | Aptos | CA | 1 | 9 | $4K |
| 170 | MARK A ZIVIN | — | Evanston | IL | 1 | 1 | $4K |
| 171 | RUSS ROBINSON | ZOCHEM | Houston | TX | 1 | 1 | $4K |
| 172 | LISA EISEN | CHARLES LYNN SCHUSTERMAN FAMILY PHIL | Potomac | MD | 1 | 1 | $4K |
| 173 | EYAL MINTZ | — | Rancho Palos Verdes | CA | 1 | 2 | $4K |
| 174 | RICHARD GOLDENHERSH | — | Belleville | IL | 1 | 15 | $3K |
| 175 | EDWARD BECK | — | Huntingdon Valley | PA | 1 | 5 | $3K |
| 176 | HARRIET SCHLEIFER | — | Chappaqua | NY | 1 | 2 | $3K |
| 177 | SANFORD GALLANTER | TAG | San Francisco | CA | 1 | 1 | $3K |
| 178 | BENNETT GREENSPAN | — | Bellaire | TX | 1 | 4 | $3K |
| 179 | DIANE WOHL | — | Mill Neck | NY | 1 | 2 | $3K |
| 180 | JAMES KAPLAN | QUARLES BRADY LLP | Chicago | IL | 1 | 4 | $3K |
| 181 | MICHAEL YOUNG | — | Brooklyn | NY | 1 | 1 | $3K |
| 182 | JUDSON MINER | MINER BARNHILL GALLAND | Chicago | IL | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 183 | MICHAEL YOUNG | — | Brooklyn | NY | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 184 | ROCHELLE STEINWURTZEL | — | Hastings On Hudson | NY | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 185 | HOWARD ROMBOM | — | Great Neck | NY | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 186 | MICHAEL EPSTEIN | WILLOW ASSET MANAGEMENT | Rockville | MD | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 187 | BRUCE KARATZ | — | Beverly Hills | CA | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 188 | SUSAN SCHNEIDER | — | Golden Beach | FL | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 189 | LEWIS SACHS | GALLATIN POINT CAPITAL | Greenwich | CT | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 190 | BETHANY SINGER-BAEFSKY | IROBOT | Cambridge | MA | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 191 | STEVEN GUT | IDEAL FASTENER | Miami | FL | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 192 | KAREN SATZ | — | Bennington | NH | 1 | 19 | $2K |
| 193 | JOSEPH PERELES | — | Saint Louis | MO | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 194 | BRETT COHEN | — | New York | NY | 1 | 3 | $2K |
| 195 | RICHARD HORVITZ | MORELAND MANAGEMENT | Bal Harbour | FL | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 196 | LENARD TESSLER | — | East Hampton | NY | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 197 | RHODA WOLFE | — | San Francisco | CA | 1 | 2 | $2K |
| 198 | MYRON BERMAN | — | Staten Island | NY | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 199 | ANDREW LAZARUS | — | Berkeley | CA | 1 | 3 | $2K |
| 200 | ABBIE FRIEDMAN | — | Las Vegas | NV | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 201 | VICTOR KOVNER | DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $2K |
| 202 | BRADLEY RUSKIN | PROSKAUER ROSE LLP | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $2K |
| 203 | JAMES SAMMET | — | Marina | CA | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 204 | ALSOBROOKS FOR SENATE | — | Upper Marlboro | MD | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 205 | RICHARD GREENFIELD | — | White Plains | NY | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 206 | JULIE CHAIKEN | DAVIDON | Belvedere Tiburon | CA | 1 | 2 | $2K |
| 207 | MELISSA MANN | CVS HEALTH | Mclean | VA | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 208 | RICHARD SLIFKA | GLOBAL | Boston | MA | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 209 | LOUISE EPSTEIN | — | Georgetown | TX | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 210 | HARVEY COHEN | — | Naples | FL | 1 | 2 | $2K |
| 211 | TZIPOR ULMAN | SCIENCE IS ELEMENTARY | Los Altos | CA | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 212 | SETH FINKELSTEIN | — | Chestnut Hill | MA | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 213 | STEPHEN LANSET | — | Highland Park | NJ | 1 | 3 | $2K |
| 214 | ELIN SCHWARTZ | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 4 | $2K |
| 215 | JOHN FRENCH | FRENCH MANAGEMENT | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $2K |
| 216 | GILA APPLEBY | — | Lexington | MA | 1 | 2 | $2K |
| 217 | DAN FINKELMAN | — | Granville | OH | 1 | 4 | $1K |
| 218 | JOSHUA STEIN | GREENBERG STEIN PC | Roslyn Heights | NY | 1 | 13 | $1K |
| 219 | DAVID RUBIN | EDJCO HOPE HOMELESS HOUSING | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 12 | $1K |
| 220 | JENNIFER MIZRAHI | LASZLO STRATEGIES | Annapolis | MD | 1 | 6 | $1K |
| 221 | JULIE SIPES | — | Ormond Beach | FL | 1 | 4 | $1K |
| 222 | CINDY SPAHN | — | Tampa | FL | 1 | 4 | $1K |
| 223 | NANCY BERNSTEIN | — | Pittsburgh | PA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 224 | REBECCA DERBY | — | Lexington | MA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 225 | ROBERT STULBERG | — | Farmington Hills | MI | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 226 | BETTY COTTON | — | Purchase | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 227 | JULIE CANDAU | MARBLE BRIDGE FUNDING | Walnut Creek | CA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 228 | MONICA TRANEL FOR MONTANA | — | Missoula | MT | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 229 | JUDY GARDENSWARTZ | — | Scottsdale | AZ | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 230 | HOWARD SHERWOOD | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 231 | NANCY BUCK | — | Cambridge | MA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 232 | JULIE CHAIKEN | — | Tiburon | CA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 233 | STEVEN HARRIS | — | Narberth | PA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 234 | CAROL ROTHSCHILD | — | Wilmington | DE | 1 | 2 | $1K |
| 235 | EMILY ZIMMERN | — | Charlotte | NC | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 236 | EMILY ZIMMERN | LEVINE MUSEUM OF THE NEW SOUTH | Charlotte | NC | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 237 | DAVID GOODTREE | FOODGRAPH | Needham | MA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 238 | MICHAEL ROSENZWEIG | — | Atlanta | GA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 239 | GIL WEITZMAN | 72ND STREET MEDICAL ASSOCIATES | Great Neck | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 240 | HOWARD WOHL | — | Mill Neck | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 241 | STEVEN COVICI | — | West Hartford | CT | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 242 | MARTIN LEBWOHL | DE SHAW | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 243 | STANLEY ALPERT | RADIUS RECYCLING | Mercer Island | WA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 244 | HAROLD DIAMOND | DIAMOND | Bal Harbour | FL | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 245 | BARBARA KASMAN | — | Norwalk | CT | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 246 | RACHELLE LITT | CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS | Palm Beach Gardens | FL | 1 | 10 | $1K |
| 247 | MCCLELLAN FOR CONGRESS | — | Richmond Va | VA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 248 | LAWRENCE GELMAN | MCALLEN ANESTHESIA CONSULTANTS | Mcallen | TX | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 249 | LANCE NAGEL | — | Berkeley | CA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 250 | EDIE P SILBER | — | Berkeley | CA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 251 | MARCI GERSTON | GREENFIELD SOUTHWICK LLP | Ashland | OR | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 252 | BECKHAM DICKERSON | — | Leesburg | VA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 253 | DAVE BERCOW | VENSURE EMPLOYER SERVICES | Armonk | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 254 | RACHEL TANNENBAUM | Deerfield | IL | 1 | 1 | $1K | |
| 255 | MARC ROHATINER | — | Los Angeles | CA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 256 | JUDITH VOGELBAUM | — | Tampa | FL | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 257 | WALTER GADLIN | — | New York | NY | 1 | 2 | $1K |
| 258 | CARYN GROEDEL | CARYN GROEDEL ASSOCIATES LPA | Boca Raton | FL | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 259 | WENDY FINN | — | Bethesda | MD | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 260 | DAVID GEDULD | — | Aventura | FL | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 261 | MICHAEL GREENBERG | — | Alpharetta | GA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 262 | LORI MILLER | — | Paradise Valley | AZ | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 263 | ROBERT MOLLEN | — | Silver Spring | MD | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 264 | HENRY BIRNKRANT | — | Bethesda | MD | 1 | 2 | $1K |
| 265 | STEPHEN BERNSTEIN | CHAPMAN CONSULTING | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 266 | ROBERT SIEGFRIED | KEKST CNC | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 267 | ENGEL FOR ARIZONA | — | Tucson | AZ | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 268 | AUDREY TRACHTMAN | — | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 269 | JULIE LEVY | PETERSON MANAGEMENT | Great Neck | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 270 | BECKHAM DICKERSON | — | Leesburg | VA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 271 | STEVE WEISBOND | EYE DOCTOR S OPTICAL OUTLETS | Tampa | FL | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 272 | DANIEL CAYRE | CLERESTORY PROPERTIES | New York | NY | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 273 | NEAL PRICE | STRATEGIC WEALTH | Deerfield | IL | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 274 | DENISE HANDLER | — | Northbrook | IL | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 275 | SCOTT AARONSON | UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS | Austin | TX | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 276 | ADAM GRAY FOR CONGRESS | — | Merced | CA | 1 | 1 | $1K |
| 277 | BRITTANY PETTERSEN FOR COLORADO | — | Denver | CO | 1 | 1 | $1K |
How we count
The Israel-policy PAC catalog includes 16 PACs identified by their stated mission, spending patterns, and FEC-disclosed donor networks. PACs are included regardless of their position on Israel policy — hawkish and dovish, Republican-aligned and Democratic-aligned. The catalog is reviewed and documented in the methodology.
Direct contributions and independent expenditures are counted only when they flow in SUPPORT of a member. Money spent to OPPOSE a member (e.g., AIPAC-aligned spending against Thomas Massie) is excluded from that member’s score and shown separately as context. The direction matters: money spent to elect you is influence; money spent to defeat you is opposition.
Sources: FEC bulk data (contributions, independent expenditures, committee filings). DOJ FARA registrations cross-referenced with Senate LDA filings. All figures are from disclosed public filings. Methodology and PAC catalog documented in the methodology.