The Influenced Index

Foreign Interest

Every country with interests before Congress spends money to advance them. The question is not whether — it is how.

Two channels carry foreign-interest money toward Congress: organized PAC giving on one side, and FARA-registered institutional lobbying on the other. They look nothing alike.

Channel one — direct

The PAC channel

PAC contributions, independent expenditures, and donor networks organized around a foreign policy position. This channel is dominated by Israel-policy PACs.

$61M
across 16 canonical PACs · touching 443 of 532 sitting members

No other country operates at this scale through PACs. The money flows directly to individual members — their campaigns, their races, their elections. Both channels contribute to a member’s Foreign Interest score. Direct PAC money carries full weight. FARA lobbying is allocated to members by committee jurisdiction at a reduced weight — reflecting that institutional lobbying targets committees, not individuals.

Channel two — institutional

The FARA channel

FARA-registered lobbying firms represent foreign governments and entities. They file LDA disclosures targeting congressional committees and agencies — not individual members. However, when a FARA-registered firm lobbies on trade policy, members on the Finance and Ways & Means committees absorb that exposure in their score — allocated by jurisdiction, at a fraction of what direct PAC money carries.

This is how most countries influence American policy. Japan, Canada, China, Korea, and Saudi Arabia all spend tens of millions through this channel. The money targets institutions, not people. A lobbying firm retained by Japan’s trade ministry files disclosure on trade policy — it does not write checks to candidates.

The contrast is the finding.

Israel-policy money flows through PACs aimed at members. Every other country’s money flows through firms aimed at institutions. Both channels are legal. Both are disclosed. But they produce fundamentally different relationships between the money and the member.

When a PAC writes a $5,000 check to a candidate and then spends $2 million on independent expenditures in their race, that member knows who funded their election. When a FARA-registered firm spends $5 million lobbying the Senate Finance Committee on trade policy, no individual senator received a dollar.

Israel is not the largest foreign spender. Japan outspends Israel in FARA lobbying by a factor of 80 ($21M vs $0.27M). But Israel is the only country whose spending reaches members directly, at scale, through the electoral system. That distinction matters — and it is what this page measures.

— Pro-Israel PAC donors —

Pro-Israel PAC donors

Individuals whose disclosed FEC contributions went to pro-Israel political action committees. Inclusion reflects where a contribution was directed in public FEC filings — not any conclusion about the individual's views.

Israel-policy PACs are the largest organized foreign-policy donor network in American elections.

This page measures disclosed FEC filings — PAC contributions, independent expenditures, and the donor networks that connect them to members of Congress. The 16 PACs in this catalog span the political spectrum on Israel policy, from AIPAC to J Street. They are unified by subject, not by position.

We measure every donor network in the Index the same way. What distinguishes this one is scale. In the current cycle, Israel-policy PACs directed $61 million to 443 of 532 sitting members. No other foreign-policy donor network operates at this level through direct candidate funding.

This is not a statement about Israel, about Jewish Americans, or about the merits of any policy position. It is a count of dollars filed with the Federal Election Commission. The money is legal. The money is disclosed. And the money is larger than any comparable operation by a factor of ten.

$227.96M
Total to pro-Israel PACs
22,955
Distinct contributors
22,955
Total in queue
# Contributor Employer City State PACs Gifts Total
1901 DANIEL DUNKELMAN — Beverly Hills CA 1 11 $16K
1902 MAURY HERMAN — New Orleans LA 1 8 $16K
1903 KERRIN BEHREND — Stamford CT 1 10 $16K
1904 EUGENE EHRENFELD — Lawrence NY 1 8 $16K
1905 MEIR LEVIN L M FOOTWEAR Los Angeles CA 1 8 $16K
1906 MAX BERLIN — Detroit MI 1 8 $16K
1907 TAMI SCHNEIDER — New York NY 1 4 $16K
1908 CYRUS SCHWARTZ DORA S NATURALS New York NY 1 7 $16K
1909 TERI VOLPERT — New York NY 1 4 $16K
1910 FREDERIC BOGART — Boca Raton FL 1 9 $16K
1911 MARCELO MESSER ROTHSCHILD New York NY 1 14 $16K
1912 BRETT GOLDFARB — Mercer Island WA 1 12 $16K
1913 CARL YOUNGMAN — Newton MA 1 15 $16K
1914 BEN FARAHI BIGGEST LITTLE INVESTMENT Reno NV 1 2 $16K
1915 HOWARD RICH — Marblehead MA 1 12 $16K
1916 SCOTT BECKER MCGUIRE WOODS BECKERS HEALTHCARE Glencoe IL 1 11 $16K
1917 MURRAY GOLDBERG — Boca Raton FL 1 12 $16K
1918 ANN BECKER — Kentfield CA 1 8 $16K
1919 MICHAEL ROSENBERG INTREPID INVESTMENT BANKERS Manhattan Beach CA 2 4 $16K
1920 STEVEN SALL REPUBLIC CLOTHING Greenwich CT 1 3 $16K
1921 DANIEL KESSLER CSSS Solon OH 1 10 $16K
1922 BRIAN STEINWURTZEL GFP REAL ESTATE New York NY 1 1 $16K
1923 SHAWN NAIM — Los Angeles CA 1 7 $16K
1924 JAMIE RESIN GOLDMAN SACHS Los Angeles CA 1 23 $16K
1925 JAMES B KLUTZNICK SENIOR LIFESTYLE Chicago IL 1 12 $16K
1926 EDWARD MERMELSTEIN NYC MAYORS OFFICE Ny NY 1 11 $16K
1927 RHODA SCHNEIDER — Boca Raton FL 1 20 $16K
1928 MERRI BRAUNSTEIN HOMEMAKER Livingston NJ 1 9 $16K
1929 SARAH SISKIND MINER BARNHILL GALLAND Madison WI 1 18 $16K
1930 JEFFREY HOCHBERG SULLIVAN CROMWELL Bergenfield NJ 1 18 $16K
1931 WAYNE COHEN SCULPTOR New York NY 1 7 $16K
1932 HILARY LUROS ARCHIMEDES CAPITAL Sugar Land TX 1 2 $16K
1933 KAREN PAULL — Pacific Grove CA 1 66 $16K
1934 HERBERT HEFLICH — Martinsville NJ 1 15 $16K
1935 TIMOTHY PUNKE MONUMENT ADVOCACY Mercer Island WA 1 14 $16K
1936 ADAM STRUCK STRUCK CAPITAL Beverly Hills CA 1 17 $16K
1937 IRA FRIEDMAN METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE Teaneck NJ 1 21 $16K
1938 NANCY TEBELE — New York NY 1 3 $16K
1939 ALAN ROSSKAMM — Gates Mills OH 2 9 $16K
1940 NAOMI HOCHMAN — Playa Del Rey CA 1 7 $16K
1941 TINA WEINSTOCK — Palm Beach FL 1 6 $16K
1942 HOLLY MORADFAR — Los Angeles CA 1 12 $16K
1943 RUSSELL HOLDSTEIN — Kentfield CA 1 20 $16K
1944 ROBERT JORDAN VERITA GLOBAL New York NY 1 8 $16K
1945 HARLAN KORENVAES — Dallas TX 1 6 $16K
1946 ANDREW SMALL KIRKLAND AND ELLIS Northbrook IL 1 8 $16K
1947 MARK MOSS — Los Angeles CA 1 25 $16K
1948 BRADFORD GORDON MAF COMPANIES Chicago IL 1 22 $16K
1949 NURIT ROBIN — Santa Monica CA 1 10 $16K
1950 SAMUEL PORAT NEUBERGER BERMAN Mamaroneck NY 1 6 $16K
1951 MARC OPPENHEIMER GREENWOOD GAMING Philadelphia PA 1 28 $16K
1952 GARY HOFFMAN — West Palm Beach FL 1 31 $16K
1953 ALEXIS BEDNYAK ALEXIS BEDNYAK DESIGN Glencoe IL 1 7 $16K
1954 SARA SHEMIA — New York NY 1 14 $16K
1955 MICHAEL SPEKTOR — Mercer Island WA 1 19 $16K
1956 MARGIE FIVERSON — North Hills NY 1 10 $16K
1957 SARI AGATSTON — Miami Beach FL 1 13 $16K
1958 GORDON HENRY THRYV Southold NY 2 7 $16K
1959 NATHAN KORNFELD — New York NY 1 13 $16K
1960 ANDREW HERENSTEIN MONARCH ALTERNATIVE CAPITAL Lawrence NY 1 10 $16K
1961 IRVING STERN SPENCER FANE Houston TX 1 10 $16K
1962 NANCY MILLS — Highland Park IL 1 4 $16K
1963 DAVID STERLING STERLING RISK Muttontown NY 1 3 $16K
1964 MICHAEL SPERLING THE BAUPOST Boston MA 1 7 $16K
1965 SETH DAMSKI OLD CITY SECURITIES Clifton NJ 1 5 $16K
1966 MORRIS KAPLAN — Newtown PA 2 21 $16K
1967 RICK CORNFELD — Creve Coeur MO 2 5 $16K
1968 JOEL REINSTEIN — Boca Raton FL 1 7 $16K
1969 DAVID KURZWEIL LATHAM AND WATKINS Scarsdale NY 1 5 $16K
1970 AMNON SIEGEL MILLER BARONDESS Los Angeles CA 1 7 $15K
1971 LAURA MASLON — Venice CA 1 23 $15K
1972 GORDON HECKER — Columbus OH 1 11 $15K
1973 JASON RABIN CENTRIC BRANDS New York NY 1 4 $15K
1974 HENRY COHEN — Villa Park CA 1 11 $15K
1975 BRENDA HAYNES — Wellesley Hills MA 1 13 $15K
1976 LINDA STULBERG — Farmington Hills MI 1 12 $15K
1977 JAMES TATE TATE DEVELOPMENT North Miami FL 1 13 $15K
1978 DAVID GOODTREE FOODGRAPH Needham MA 1 12 $15K
1979 STEVE SIDER — Highland Park IL 1 20 $15K
1980 JAY GOULD MAJESTIC PROPERTY Delray Beach FL 1 22 $15K
1981 MYRNA FREEDMAN — Wellesley MA 1 18 $15K
1982 DANIEL ROSE KREINDLER KREINDLER LLP New York NY 1 15 $15K
1983 RICHARD WIEDER WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST LOUIS Chesterfield MO 1 9 $15K
1984 BATYA KLEIN — Pompano Beach FL 1 12 $15K
1985 MCCLELLAN FOR CONGRESS — Richmond Va VA 2 6 $15K
1986 JANET ZWANZIGER — West Newton MA 1 12 $15K
1987 VERA MARKOWITZ — Beverly Hills CA 1 10 $15K
1988 JAMIE SILVERSTEIN PAGE FOUR MEDIA Sunapee NH 2 4 $15K
1989 JOSH FRIEDMAN — Calabasas CA 1 41 $15K
1990 ARI HIRT WALKER DUNLOP New York NY 1 11 $15K
1991 THEODORE EDELMAN SULLIVAN CROMWELL LLP New York NY 1 9 $15K
1992 ERNIE BOGEN — Miami FL 1 9 $15K
1993 BRAD OPPENHEIMER HALPERN Atlanta GA 1 6 $15K
1994 RICHARD FIEDOTIN — Corte Madera CA 1 17 $15K
1995 JILL ROBERTS — Boston MA 1 15 $15K
1996 MICHAEL LEVY CROW Glen Head NY 1 1 $15K
1997 KARA SLATER — Los Angeles CA 1 4 $15K
1998 DAVID COHEN KARLIN Pacific Palisades CA 1 6 $15K
1999 ALLEN PFEIFFER KROLL Teaneck NJ 1 11 $15K
2000 ROBERT KAUFMANN BROWNSTEIN Denver CO 1 15 $15K
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— Contributions to pro-Israel-aligned super PACs —

Contributions to pro-Israel-aligned super PACs

Individuals whose disclosed FEC contributions went to super PACs that organize around Israel policy, including the RJC Victory Fund, DMFI PAC, and J Street Action Fund. Inclusion reflects where a contribution was directed in public FEC filings — not any conclusion about the individual's views.

$18.26M
Total to aligned super PACs
277
Distinct contributors
277
Total in queue
# Contributor Employer City State PACs Gifts Total
1 MIRIAM ADELSON ADELSON DRUG CLINIC Las Vegas NV 1 1 $5.00M
2 DEBORAH SIMON — Carmel IN 1 2 $3.00M
3 JAN KOUM — Santa Clara CA 1 1 $2.43M
4 HERB SHEAR — Palm Beach FL 1 8 $965K
5 SAUL FOX FOX PAINE Miami Beach FL 1 1 $500K
6 GARY MARK LAUDER LAUDER Atherton CA 1 2 $500K
7 ERIC MINDICH — New York NY 1 2 $350K
8 MARTHA KARSH — Los Angeles CA 1 1 $250K
9 ROBERT BOOK BOOK CAPITAL Coral Gables FL 1 1 $250K
10 JACOB CAPPELL SIMONS New York NY 1 1 $250K
11 LARRY MIZEL M D C Denver CO 1 1 $200K
12 ANN PAVA — West Hartford CT 1 5 $176K
13 JOSH ASTROF DARSANA CAPITAL New York NY 1 4 $155K
14 ADELE SANDBERG — North Miami Beach FL 1 2 $125K
15 JOEL SANDBERG EYE SURGERY ASSOCIATES North Miami Beach FL 1 2 $125K
16 JEFFREY H ARONSON CENTERBRIDGE New York NY 1 3 $125K
17 BENJAMIN SAMUELS VICTORY PACKAGING Bellaire TX 1 2 $105K
18 BRADLEY BLOOM BERKSHIRE Wellesley MA 1 2 $100K
19 JONATHAN TISCH LOEWS HOTELS New York NY 1 3 $100K
20 BARBARA FEINGOLD — Delray Beach FL 1 3 $100K
21 STEWART A RESNICK THE WONDERFUL Los Angeles CA 1 1 $100K
22 DAVID S BLITZER BLACKSTONE New York NY 1 1 $100K
23 NANCY GOROFF — Stony Brook NY 1 1 $100K
24 PAUL FINNEGAN MADISON DEARBORN Chicago IL 1 1 $100K
25 DAVID RANDOLPH PEELER BERKSHIRE Boston MA 1 1 $100K
26 MARC ROWAN APOLLO GLOBAL MANAGEMENT New York NY 1 1 $100K
27 JEFFREY ULLMAN STANFORD UNIVERSITY Stanford CA 1 4 $72K
28 ALLAN POLUNSKY POLUNSKY BEITEL GREEN LLP San Antonio TX 1 3 $65K
29 ARTHUR RABIN CENTRIC BRANDS New York NY 1 3 $60K
30 JOAN RECHNITZ — Red Bank NJ 1 2 $60K
31 JULIE PLATT — Los Angeles CA 1 3 $50K
32 LIZZIE TISCH X LIZZIE TISCH Manhattan NY 1 2 $50K
33 AMY STAVIS — Larchmont NY 1 1 $50K
34 ROBERT STAVIS BESSEMER VENTURE Larchmont NY 1 1 $50K
35 BARRY PORTER CLARITY Los Angeles CA 1 2 $50K
36 ANDREW WEISS WEISS ASSET MANAGEMENT Boston MA 1 1 $50K
37 JOSHUA RESNICK JERICHO CAPITAL New York NY 1 1 $50K
38 CHARLES KUSHNER KUSHNER COMPANIES New York NY 1 1 $50K
39 JULIAN MOHR MOMAR Atlanta GA 1 1 $50K
40 ELIZABETH TISCH X LIZZIE TISCH New York NY 1 1 $50K
41 PHILIP DE TOLEDO — Sherman Oaks CA 1 2 $50K
42 DAVID ROSEN RUBRIC CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Scarsdale NY 1 2 $50K
43 ROBERT GRANIERI JANE STREET CAPITAL New York NY 1 1 $50K
44 BARRY PORTER CLARITY MANAGEMENT Los Angeles CA 1 3 $50K
45 ROBERT DIENER DIENER Indian Creek Village FL 1 1 $50K
46 ROBERT P GOODMAN BESSEMER VENTURE Rye NY 1 1 $50K
47 ALEX KLEYNER NATIONAL DEBT RELIEF New York NY 1 2 $45K
48 SANDER GERBER HUDSON BAY CAPITAL New York NY 1 1 $36K
49 SARA GOTTESMAN THE ELEEMOSYNARY New York NY 1 1 $35K
50 HAROLD BERENSON — Parker CO 1 2 $30K
51 JULIE CANDAU MARBLE BRIDGE FUNDING Walnut Creek CA 1 2 $30K
52 MILTON COOPER KIMCO REALTY Old Westbury NY 1 2 $30K
53 ELIOT LAUER KATTEN Lawrence NY 1 2 $30K
54 TODD COOPER RIPCO REAL ESTATE Oyster Bay NY 1 2 $30K
55 RONALD BLOOM CROWN ASSOCIATES REALTY Beverly Hills CA 1 2 $28K
56 ANN LEWIS — Chevy Chase MD 1 5 $28K
57 JAMES BLUME BLUME CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Berkeley CA 1 2 $26K
58 SAMUEL WEISMAN — New York NY 1 1 $25K
59 LARRY LEVINE LEVCOR Houston TX 1 1 $25K
60 BRIAN DROR — Oxnard CA 1 1 $25K
61 RANDI CUTLER — Boston MA 1 1 $25K
62 DANA NIEDZIELSKA EVEREST CLINICAL RESEARCH Lenox MA 1 1 $25K
63 RUSSELL GOLDSMITH — Beverly Hills CA 1 2 $25K
64 RICHARD KURTZ KAMSON Englewood Cliffs NJ 1 1 $25K
65 MICHAEL BOGACHEK VATIVORX Bal Harbour FL 1 1 $25K
66 KAREN GOLDSMITH — Los Angeles CA 1 2 $25K
67 ADAM ROSS GOLDCREST CAPITAL Dallas TX 1 1 $25K
68 NORMAN W ALPERT VESTAR CAPITAL New York NY 1 1 $25K
69 DAN JACOB IROM DARSANA CAPITAL New York NY 1 2 $25K
70 LAWRENCE D GREENBERG ALYDAR CAPITAL Weston MA 1 2 $25K
71 LAWRENCE D GREENBERG ALYDAR CAPITAL Weston MA 1 1 $25K
72 ARN TELLEM DETROIT PISTONS BASKETBALL CLUB Los Angeles CA 1 1 $25K
73 RONALD WEISER MCKINLEY ASSOCIATES Ann Arbor MI 1 1 $25K
74 ISAAC APPLBUAM VENTURE CAPITAL Oakland CA 1 1 $25K
75 BRUCE PEARL UNIVERSITY OF AUBURN Auburn AL 1 1 $25K
76 MATTHEW BOTEIN GALLATIN POINT CAPITAL Brookline MA 1 1 $25K
77 DANIEL KESTON PANTRY FILMS Los Angeles CA 1 2 $20K
78 IRIT TRATT HOMEMAKER Scarsdale NY 1 2 $20K
79 JULIE CANDAU MARBLE BRIDGE FUNDING Walnut Creek CA 1 2 $20K
80 IRVIN SHAPELL — Anna Maria FL 1 2 $20K
81 DAVID HAGER HAGER PACIFIC Los Angeles CA 1 1 $18K
82 ROBERT SCHOSTAK SCHOSTAK BROTHERS Livonia MI 1 2 $18K
83 JOSHUA KATZEN — Newton MA 1 2 $18K
84 LIZANNE ROSENSTEIN THREE ROSE III Manhattan NY 1 1 $15K
85 PETER FREY — New York NY 1 2 $15K
86 JUDITH TAYLOR — Bala Cynwyd PA 1 2 $15K
87 ALAN VITERBI LIQUID ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS La Jolla CA 1 2 $15K
88 MARK GERSTEIN LATHAM WATKINS Highland Park IL 1 1 $15K
89 SCOTT M SPERLING THOMAS H LEE Wayland MA 1 1 $15K
90 NED KAPLIN BRIARA TRADING Conshohocken PA 1 3 $15K
91 MARK SCHOSTAK SCHOSTAK BROTHERS Livonia MI 1 1 $12K
92 LIRON GITIG — White Plains NY 1 2 $11K
93 SARA GOTTESMAN THE ELEEMOSYNARY New York NY 1 1 $10K
94 HANS VANDEBOVENKAMP — Sagaponack NY 1 3 $10K
95 NANCY REICHMAN — Denver CO 1 2 $10K
96 LISA PRIMUS — New York NY 1 1 $10K
97 JOEL KOBLENTZ — Boca Raton FL 1 1 $10K
98 ALAN COHEN — Denver CO 1 1 $10K
99 MELODEE KORNACKER — Columbus OH 1 1 $10K
100 CAROL WINOGRAD — Stanford CA 1 2 $10K
101 ANDREW SMALL KIRKLAND ELLIS LLP Highland Park IL 1 1 $10K
102 JENNIFER MICHAELS — New York NY 1 2 $10K
103 TODD COOPER RIPCO REAL ESTATE Oyster Bay NY 1 2 $10K
104 DEBORAH F ROBBINS — Princeton NJ 1 1 $10K
105 MILTON COOPER — Old Westbury NY 1 2 $10K
106 BRAD ROSE — Miami FL 1 1 $10K
107 LIOR PROSOR HANACO VENTURES New York NY 1 2 $10K
108 JOSEPH RAFALOWICZ — New Rochelle NY 1 1 $10K
109 LIZANNE ROSENSTEIN — New York NY 1 1 $10K
110 LINDA KESTON — Los Angeles CA 1 2 $10K
111 PHILIP KAISER LAFFA Tulsa OK 1 1 $10K
112 HOWARD GOTTLIEB — Chicago IL 1 1 $10K
113 SHELDON KAMINS — St. Petersburg FL 1 1 $10K
114 EDWARD SATELL PROGRESSIVE PUBLICATIONS King Prussia PA 1 1 $10K
115 LYOR COHEN GOOGLE New York NY 1 1 $10K
116 DAVID GRAYZEL ATLAS VENTURE Winchester MA 1 1 $10K
117 MICHAEL KEMPNER MWW STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS New York NY 1 1 $10K
118 ARN TELLEM DETROIT PISTONS Los Angeles CA 1 1 $10K
119 HERBERT LEVINE LEVCOR Houston TX 1 1 $10K
120 KAREN TANDY — Annandale VA 1 2 $8K
121 DEBORAH SHAPIRA SCHECHTER MANHATTAN SCHOOL Bronx NY 1 3 $8K
122 CHARLES KREMER ACCESS LEASING Berkeley CA 1 2 $8K
123 BARRY FUNT — Morristown NJ 1 3 $8K
124 SHELDON CHANALES HERRICK FEINSTEIN LLP Teaneck NJ 1 22 $6K
125 ALEX SAGAN — Cambridge MA 1 3 $6K
126 HANNAH ROTHSTEIN — New York NY 1 3 $6K
127 ARIEL RECANATI MARITIME OVERSEAS Sag Harbor NY 1 2 $6K
128 JON GREENWALD — Mc Lean VA 1 2 $6K
129 STEVEN MANKOFF — New York NY 1 2 $6K
130 FLORENCE HON SHAPIRO SHAPIROLINN STRATEGIC CONSULT Plano TX 1 2 $6K
131 CHARLES JACOBS — Chevy Chase MD 1 2 $6K
132 DEBORAH ROTH — Tampa FL 1 2 $6K
133 DEBORAH ROTH UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA Tampa FL 1 2 $6K
134 BRUCE H SCHNEIDER STROOCK STROOCK LAVAN LLP Scarsdale NY 1 21 $5K
135 JOSEPH PERELES DRURY HOTELS Saint Louis MO 1 1 $5K
136 FRAN ROSENFELD — Delray Beach FL 1 1 $5K
137 ROBIN SHAPIRO — New York NY 1 1 $5K
138 RICHARD SHERMAN — Calabasas CA 1 1 $5K
139 JOSHUA SCHWARTZ EAST WIND ADVISORS New York NY 1 1 $5K
140 NICOLETTE BECK ELLA FINANCIAL ADVISING San Francisco CA 1 1 $5K
141 NORMAN FREIDKIN — Potomac MD 1 1 $5K
142 VICKI COOPER — Oyster Bay NY 1 1 $5K
143 TODD RICHMAN MORGAN STANLEY PRIVATE WEALTH MANAGEME Old Westbury NY 1 1 $5K
144 JOHANNA CHANIN — Bethesda MD 1 1 $5K
145 DIANA CLARK — Wellfleet MA 1 1 $5K
146 PETER FORMAN — Sands Point NY 1 1 $5K
147 MILTON COOPER KIMCO Old Westbury NY 1 1 $5K
148 GERALD BARAD — New York NY 1 1 $5K
149 BRUCE D PERGAMENT PERGAMENT REALTY MANAGEMENT Old Westbury NY 1 1 $5K
150 PHYLLIS HEIDEMAN HEIDEMAN NUDELMAN KALIK PC Boca Raton FL 1 1 $5K
151 MATT BROOKS REPUBLICAN JEWISH COALITION Washington DC 1 1 $5K
152 JONATHAN FREEMAN — San Diego CA 1 1 $5K
153 ROBERT LEWENSON EYE DOCTORS OPTICAL OUTLETS Tampa FL 1 1 $5K
154 VICTOR KOHN CAPITAL COMPANIES Los Angeles CA 1 1 $5K
155 JOEL MANDEL THE MANAGEMENT Beverly Hills CA 1 1 $5K
156 CRAIG WEISS TOWER VENTURES Memphis TN 1 1 $5K
157 ANNA JENEFSKY — Bethesda MD 1 1 $5K
158 NORMAN COLEMAN HOGAN LOVELLS US LLP Arlington VA 1 1 $5K
159 CHERYL HALPERN VISION OF PEACE INITIATIVE Livingston NJ 1 1 $5K
160 GARY BERMAN BERMAN Rockville MD 1 1 $5K
161 TODD RICHMAN MORGAN STANLEY Old Westbury NY 1 1 $5K
162 ERIC SEDLER AVOQ Chicago IL 1 1 $5K
163 STEVEN SCHREIBER — New York NY 1 1 $5K
164 JOSEPH KANFER WALNUT RIDGE Beachwood OH 1 1 $5K
165 LAWRENCE D GREENBERG ALYDAR CAPITAL Weston MA 1 1 $5K
166 PHILLIP ROSENBERG KILPATRICK TOWNSEND STOCKTON LLP Brooklyn NY 1 32 $5K
167 PAULA WOLK — Waban MA 1 1 $4K
168 STUART GOLDMAN — Silver Spring MD 1 5 $4K
169 JOEL YOUNGER — Aptos CA 1 9 $4K
170 MARK A ZIVIN — Evanston IL 1 1 $4K
171 RUSS ROBINSON ZOCHEM Houston TX 1 1 $4K
172 LISA EISEN CHARLES LYNN SCHUSTERMAN FAMILY PHIL Potomac MD 1 1 $4K
173 EYAL MINTZ — Rancho Palos Verdes CA 1 2 $4K
174 RICHARD GOLDENHERSH — Belleville IL 1 15 $3K
175 EDWARD BECK — Huntingdon Valley PA 1 5 $3K
176 HARRIET SCHLEIFER — Chappaqua NY 1 2 $3K
177 SANFORD GALLANTER TAG San Francisco CA 1 1 $3K
178 BENNETT GREENSPAN — Bellaire TX 1 4 $3K
179 DIANE WOHL — Mill Neck NY 1 2 $3K
180 JAMES KAPLAN QUARLES BRADY LLP Chicago IL 1 4 $3K
181 MICHAEL YOUNG — Brooklyn NY 1 1 $3K
182 JUDSON MINER MINER BARNHILL GALLAND Chicago IL 1 1 $2K
183 MICHAEL YOUNG — Brooklyn NY 1 1 $2K
184 ROCHELLE STEINWURTZEL — Hastings On Hudson NY 1 1 $2K
185 HOWARD ROMBOM — Great Neck NY 1 1 $2K
186 MICHAEL EPSTEIN WILLOW ASSET MANAGEMENT Rockville MD 1 1 $2K
187 BRUCE KARATZ — Beverly Hills CA 1 1 $2K
188 SUSAN SCHNEIDER — Golden Beach FL 1 1 $2K
189 LEWIS SACHS GALLATIN POINT CAPITAL Greenwich CT 1 1 $2K
190 BETHANY SINGER-BAEFSKY IROBOT Cambridge MA 1 1 $2K
191 STEVEN GUT IDEAL FASTENER Miami FL 1 1 $2K
192 KAREN SATZ — Bennington NH 1 19 $2K
193 JOSEPH PERELES — Saint Louis MO 1 1 $2K
194 BRETT COHEN — New York NY 1 3 $2K
195 RICHARD HORVITZ MORELAND MANAGEMENT Bal Harbour FL 1 1 $2K
196 LENARD TESSLER — East Hampton NY 1 1 $2K
197 RHODA WOLFE — San Francisco CA 1 2 $2K
198 MYRON BERMAN — Staten Island NY 1 1 $2K
199 ANDREW LAZARUS — Berkeley CA 1 3 $2K
200 ABBIE FRIEDMAN — Las Vegas NV 1 1 $2K
201 VICTOR KOVNER DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE New York NY 1 2 $2K
202 BRADLEY RUSKIN PROSKAUER ROSE LLP New York NY 1 2 $2K
203 JAMES SAMMET — Marina CA 1 1 $2K
204 ALSOBROOKS FOR SENATE — Upper Marlboro MD 1 1 $2K
205 RICHARD GREENFIELD — White Plains NY 1 1 $2K
206 JULIE CHAIKEN DAVIDON Belvedere Tiburon CA 1 2 $2K
207 MELISSA MANN CVS HEALTH Mclean VA 1 1 $2K
208 RICHARD SLIFKA GLOBAL Boston MA 1 1 $2K
209 LOUISE EPSTEIN — Georgetown TX 1 1 $2K
210 HARVEY COHEN — Naples FL 1 2 $2K
211 TZIPOR ULMAN SCIENCE IS ELEMENTARY Los Altos CA 1 1 $2K
212 SETH FINKELSTEIN — Chestnut Hill MA 1 1 $2K
213 STEPHEN LANSET — Highland Park NJ 1 3 $2K
214 ELIN SCHWARTZ — Los Angeles CA 1 4 $2K
215 JOHN FRENCH FRENCH MANAGEMENT New York NY 1 1 $2K
216 GILA APPLEBY — Lexington MA 1 2 $2K
217 DAN FINKELMAN — Granville OH 1 4 $1K
218 JOSHUA STEIN GREENBERG STEIN PC Roslyn Heights NY 1 13 $1K
219 DAVID RUBIN EDJCO HOPE HOMELESS HOUSING Los Angeles CA 1 12 $1K
220 JENNIFER MIZRAHI LASZLO STRATEGIES Annapolis MD 1 6 $1K
221 JULIE SIPES — Ormond Beach FL 1 4 $1K
222 CINDY SPAHN — Tampa FL 1 4 $1K
223 NANCY BERNSTEIN — Pittsburgh PA 1 1 $1K
224 REBECCA DERBY — Lexington MA 1 1 $1K
225 ROBERT STULBERG — Farmington Hills MI 1 1 $1K
226 BETTY COTTON — Purchase NY 1 1 $1K
227 JULIE CANDAU MARBLE BRIDGE FUNDING Walnut Creek CA 1 1 $1K
228 MONICA TRANEL FOR MONTANA — Missoula MT 1 1 $1K
229 JUDY GARDENSWARTZ — Scottsdale AZ 1 1 $1K
230 HOWARD SHERWOOD — Los Angeles CA 1 1 $1K
231 NANCY BUCK — Cambridge MA 1 1 $1K
232 JULIE CHAIKEN — Tiburon CA 1 1 $1K
233 STEVEN HARRIS — Narberth PA 1 1 $1K
234 CAROL ROTHSCHILD — Wilmington DE 1 2 $1K
235 EMILY ZIMMERN — Charlotte NC 1 1 $1K
236 EMILY ZIMMERN LEVINE MUSEUM OF THE NEW SOUTH Charlotte NC 1 1 $1K
237 DAVID GOODTREE FOODGRAPH Needham MA 1 1 $1K
238 MICHAEL ROSENZWEIG — Atlanta GA 1 1 $1K
239 GIL WEITZMAN 72ND STREET MEDICAL ASSOCIATES Great Neck NY 1 1 $1K
240 HOWARD WOHL — Mill Neck NY 1 1 $1K
241 STEVEN COVICI — West Hartford CT 1 1 $1K
242 MARTIN LEBWOHL DE SHAW New York NY 1 1 $1K
243 STANLEY ALPERT RADIUS RECYCLING Mercer Island WA 1 1 $1K
244 HAROLD DIAMOND DIAMOND Bal Harbour FL 1 1 $1K
245 BARBARA KASMAN — Norwalk CT 1 1 $1K
246 RACHELLE LITT CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS Palm Beach Gardens FL 1 10 $1K
247 MCCLELLAN FOR CONGRESS — Richmond Va VA 1 1 $1K
248 LAWRENCE GELMAN MCALLEN ANESTHESIA CONSULTANTS Mcallen TX 1 1 $1K
249 LANCE NAGEL — Berkeley CA 1 1 $1K
250 EDIE P SILBER — Berkeley CA 1 1 $1K
251 MARCI GERSTON GREENFIELD SOUTHWICK LLP Ashland OR 1 1 $1K
252 BECKHAM DICKERSON — Leesburg VA 1 1 $1K
253 DAVE BERCOW VENSURE EMPLOYER SERVICES Armonk NY 1 1 $1K
254 RACHEL TANNENBAUM GOOGLE Deerfield IL 1 1 $1K
255 MARC ROHATINER — Los Angeles CA 1 1 $1K
256 JUDITH VOGELBAUM — Tampa FL 1 1 $1K
257 WALTER GADLIN — New York NY 1 2 $1K
258 CARYN GROEDEL CARYN GROEDEL ASSOCIATES LPA Boca Raton FL 1 1 $1K
259 WENDY FINN — Bethesda MD 1 1 $1K
260 DAVID GEDULD — Aventura FL 1 1 $1K
261 MICHAEL GREENBERG — Alpharetta GA 1 1 $1K
262 LORI MILLER — Paradise Valley AZ 1 1 $1K
263 ROBERT MOLLEN — Silver Spring MD 1 1 $1K
264 HENRY BIRNKRANT — Bethesda MD 1 2 $1K
265 STEPHEN BERNSTEIN CHAPMAN CONSULTING New York NY 1 1 $1K
266 ROBERT SIEGFRIED KEKST CNC New York NY 1 1 $1K
267 ENGEL FOR ARIZONA — Tucson AZ 1 1 $1K
268 AUDREY TRACHTMAN — New York NY 1 1 $1K
269 JULIE LEVY PETERSON MANAGEMENT Great Neck NY 1 1 $1K
270 BECKHAM DICKERSON — Leesburg VA 1 1 $1K
271 STEVE WEISBOND EYE DOCTOR S OPTICAL OUTLETS Tampa FL 1 1 $1K
272 DANIEL CAYRE CLERESTORY PROPERTIES New York NY 1 1 $1K
273 NEAL PRICE STRATEGIC WEALTH Deerfield IL 1 1 $1K
274 DENISE HANDLER — Northbrook IL 1 1 $1K
275 SCOTT AARONSON UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS Austin TX 1 1 $1K
276 ADAM GRAY FOR CONGRESS — Merced CA 1 1 $1K
277 BRITTANY PETTERSEN FOR COLORADO — Denver CO 1 1 $1K

How we count

The Israel-policy PAC catalog includes 16 PACs identified by their stated mission, spending patterns, and FEC-disclosed donor networks. PACs are included regardless of their position on Israel policy — hawkish and dovish, Republican-aligned and Democratic-aligned. The catalog is reviewed and documented in the methodology.

Direct contributions and independent expenditures are counted only when they flow in SUPPORT of a member. Money spent to OPPOSE a member (e.g., AIPAC-aligned spending against Thomas Massie) is excluded from that member’s score and shown separately as context. The direction matters: money spent to elect you is influence; money spent to defeat you is opposition.

Top countries by FARA-agent lobbying spend · 2023–2025

These figures represent lobbying expenditures by firms that are registered with the Department of Justice as agents of foreign principals, cross-referenced with their LDA filings to Congress. The data covers 2023–2025.

The absence of Israel from the top of this list is itself a finding. Israel’s foreign-interest spending does not flow through FARA-registered institutional lobbying. It flows through PACs — the channel measured in the PAC Channel tab.

Japan
$21.4M
Canada
$19.1M
China
$15.8M
South Korea
$9.5M
Mexico
$5.0M
Germany
$4.9M
International
$2.8M
United Kingdom
$2.5M
Israel
$0.27M

Sources: FEC bulk data (contributions, independent expenditures, committee filings). DOJ FARA registrations cross-referenced with Senate LDA filings. All figures are from disclosed public filings. Methodology and PAC catalog documented in the methodology.